VATICAN CITY — A new book accused the Vatican of hypocrisy, claiming that the majority of prelates working within its walls live active homosexual lifestyles.
The book, titled "In the Closet of the Vatican: Power, Homosexuality, Hypocrisy," by French author and journalist Frederic Martel, was scheduled for publication in eight languages Feb. 21, the same day leaders of the world's bishops' conference convened in Rome to reflect on the abuse crisis that has rocked the Catholic Church.
The author, who is openly gay, said he spent four years of "authoritative research" interviewing current and former Vatican officials, including priests, bishops and cardinals.
He also claimed that Pope Francis' homilies on those in the church who lead "double lives" refer to "the dizzying hypocrisy of those who advocate a rigid morality while at the same time having a companion, affairs and sometimes escorts."
Among Martel's sources is Italian journalist Francesco Lepore, a former priest who, according to the Annuario Pontificio -- the Vatican yearbook -- served as one of several secretaries at the Vatican Apostolic Library in 2006.
Speaking to Lepore about his experiences and the alleged sordid details of the secret lives of various prelates, Martel asked him to estimate what percentage of Vatican officials were gay.
"I think the percentage is very high. I'd put it at around 80 percent," Lepore told the author.
While Martel claimed to interview several cardinals and bishops, those who spoke frankly about their own homosexual orientations chose to remain anonymous.
The book, which often recounts salacious details of the sexual activity of prelates or musings on their lifestyles, offers little concrete evidence outside of testimony from unnamed sources. However, Martel said a 300-page document that includes sources, notes and unpublished chapters would be made available online on the book's publication day.
Martel also took aim at several prelates who have been outspoken opponents of same-sex marriage yet allegedly led double lives, including the late Colombian Cardinal Alfonso Lopez Trujillo.
Until his death in 2008, Cardinal Lopez served as president of the Pontifical Council for the Family under St. John Paul II and Pope Benedict.
The author claimed that he spoke to "dozens of witnesses" who confirmed that the Colombian prelate's homosexuality was "an open secret" both in the Vatican and in Medellin, where he served as archbishop from 1979 to 1990.
Martel also interviewed several notable Vatican figures about the allegations against Cardinal Lopez. Among them was Cardinal Lorenzo Baldisseri, general secretary of the Synod of Bishops, who served as apostolic nuncio in several Latin American countries, including Brazil and Paraguay.
"I knew (Cardinal) Lopez Trujillo when he was vicar general in Colombia. He was a very controversial figure. He had a split personality," Cardinal Baldisseri said.
Archbishop Claudio Maria Celli, the former president of Pontifical Council for Social Communications, told Martel that Cardinal Lopez "was not a saint by any means."
Martel claimed that Pope Francis is currently engaged "in a ruthless battle against all those who use sexual morality" to conceal their own "double lives" and that "these secret homosexuals are in the majority, powerful and influential."
"Threatened and attacked on all sides and generally criticized, (Pope) Francis is said to be 'among the wolves,'" Martel wrote. "It's not quite true: He's among the queens."
— Junno Arocho Esteves, Catholic News Service
WASHINGTON, D.C. — The image on social media was striking. A smiling teenager wearing a red "Make America Great Again" baseball cap and a Native American elder playing a drum and chanting, both staring at each other in a tense encounter.
Soon after the one-minute video of the Jan. 18 incident in Washington went viral on Twitter, commentators lashed out at the student, 16-year-old Nick Sandmann, and his schoolmates from Covington Catholic High School in Kentucky for allegedly disrespecting Nathan Phillips, the Omaha tribal elder.
Even church officials in the Diocese of Covington, the school and Archbishop Joseph E. Kurtz of Louisville, Kentucky, expressed concern about the students' actions only to walk back their comments later when it was learned there was more to what happened and that the original video seemed to be selectively edited.
Church leaders in Covington continued to investigate the incident Jan. 31.
The ruckus over the encounter illustrates how influential social media have become in the 24/7 media landscape.
The incident also shows how willingly many social media users have come to accept -- and offer their opinions about -- what's put out for wandering eyes to see without critical assessment, experts from across several academic disciplines told Catholic News Service.
"My sense is there's something about the inner workings of social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook designed to do exactly what was done (which is) critical, viral and immediate judgment around a particular moment," said Timothy O'Malley, director of education at the McGrath Institute for Church Life at the University of Notre Dame.
"Theologically, I see this as an effect of original sin and the manner of which human are scapegoating one another and pushing others outside of the community," O'Malley said.
Joe Valenzano III, associate professor of communication at the University of Dayton, Ohio, said the immediacy of social media leads users to want to post their views without thinking of possible consequences.
"Snapshots and 280 characters don't tell you the whole story," he said. "You can take a piece out of anybody's day and with the proper spin it can look negative. We wouldn't want that done to us, so if you see that done to someone else, why would we approve of it?"
Twitter Jan. 21 suspended the account that posted the video, which originally appeared on Instagram, for violating its policy against "fake and misleading accounts." The suspension came after CNN Business reported the account was not authentic. The profile picture on the @2020fight account showed a popular Brazil-based blogger even though it claimed to be a California teacher named Talia.
While social media has become a meaningful platform for people to connect and share helpful information, a small segment of posters have capitalized on -- and contributed to -- the deeply polarized culture in that exists today.
That concerns observers such as Jesuit Father Paul Soukup, professor of communication at Santa Clara University, and Angela Knobel, associate professor of theology at The Catholic University of America.
Father Soukup said the posted video was "made for reaction."
"We are in a period right now of great unsettlement," Father Soukup told CNS. "We've introduced new media and we're still trying to react in the ways we've been accustomed to, which can't keep up with what's new."
He compared the rise of social media as a primary means of communication to the cultural upheavals caused by the introduction of the printing press, the telegraph, the telephone and television. Each caused society to rethink how it related to others, he explained.
"We don't know how to live with these new media" because of the ambiguity they present, Father Soukup said.
"This is the media eco-system: not to find the truth, but to maximize profit and advertising, and we fall into it because this is a platform to say my bit," he said.
Knobel agreed, saying that there are plenty of users who would rather comment first "because then you'll get all the retweets."
"Nobody wants to understand the opinions of their opponents any more," Knobel told CNS. "That lack of wanting to understand and lash out is evident here (in the Jan. 18 incident) as well."
What's a Catholic consumer of social media to do?
Pope Francis offered advice Jan. 24 in his message for the 53rd World Communications Day, which most dioceses will observe June 2. He said social media can be useful in uniting people, educating others and sharing information, but often is used for the wrong purposes to increase differences, fuel suspicion, spread lies and vent prejudice.
Forming strong communities, even online, requires people who are "animated by feelings of trust" and are pursuing a common objective, he said. "The community as a network of solidarity requires mutual listening and dialogue based on the responsible use of language."
Others cautioned social media consumers to step back and consider how to react to a post before firing off the first thought that enters their mind.
"For whatever reasons, when we have a flash of anger (when viewing social media), when we're thinking of something, we can type it out instantly almost without thinking more than when we're speaking with someone," said Paul Levinson, professor of communication and media studies at Fordham University.
He urged people to remember that "the brain is still control" because it is the originator of a thought or action. "That means we can put a response in a more constructive mode," he said.
Amy Uelmen, a lecturer at the Georgetown Law School, pointed to St. Ignatius of Loyola in his correspondence advising the three Jesuit theologians assigned to the papal legates presiding over the Council of Trent, which opened in 1545 and was prompted by the Protestant Reformation.
"Be slow to speak. Be considerate and kind, especially when it comes to deciding on matters under discussion, or about to be discussed in the council," St. Ignatius wrote.
"Be slow to speak," he repeated, "and only after having first listened quietly, so that you may understand the meaning, leanings, and wishes of those who do speak. Thus you will better know when to speak and when to be silent."
Uelmen, the author of "Five Steps to Healing Polarization in the Classroom," called such discernment "countercultural" in a world that encourages hastiness and negativity.
"I as a Christian need to ask myself, 'How do I live out my Christianity, which means respecting the dignity of every single person I meet every day?' Yes, it's going to be countercultural. There's so much in our world that is pushing us toward easy caricatures to dismiss each other and not take the time to recognize the face of God in each person and recognize the dignity of each person as a child of God," Uelmen said.
"That's the call of the Christian vocation: in some way to be a sign of contradiction in a world that places so much emphasis on images and reacting to the first image that you see, to develop this kind of discipline and virtue," she added.
All that considered, there's one other avenue to follow.
"Stay off Twitter," Valenzano at the University of Dayton said with a laugh. "As flip as it sounds these days, that tends to be my default."
— Dennis Sadowski, Catholic News Service